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Monday, September 30, 2013

IR On Off Switch Using Microcontroller

Turn ON or OFF electrical devices using remote control is not a new idea and you can find so many different devices doing that very well. For realization of this type of device, you must make a receiver, a transmitter and understand their way of communication. Here you will have a chance to make that device, but you will need to make only the receiver, because your transmitter will be the remote controller of your tv, or video …This is one simple example of this kind of device, and I will call it IR On-Off or IR-switch.

How it works:

Choose one key on your remote controller (from tv, video or similar), memorized it following a simple procedure and with that key you will able to turn ON or OFF any electrical device you wish. So, with every short press of that key, you change the state of relay in receiver (Ir-switch). Memorizing remote controller key is simple and you can do it following this procedure: press key on Ir-switch and led-diode will turn ON. Now you can release key on Ir-switch, and press key on your remote controller. If you do that, led-diode will blink, and your memorizing process is finished.

Instructions:

To make this device will be no problem even for beginners in electronic, because it is a simple device and uses only a few components. On schematic you can see that you need microcontroller PIC12F629, ir-receiver TSOP1738 (it can be any type of receiver TSOP or SFH) and for relay you can use any type of relay with 12V coil.

click on the images to enlarge

Click here to download source code for PIC12F629-675 . To extract the archive use this password extremecircuits.net
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Car Reversing Horn With Flasher

Here is a simple circuit that starts playing the car horn whenever your car is in reverse gear. The circuit (1) employs dual timer NE556 to generate the sound. One of the timers is wired as an astable multivibrator to generate the tone and the other is wired as a monostable multivibrator. Working of the circuit is simple. When the car is in reverse gear, reverse-gear switch S1 of the car gets shorted and the monostable timer triggers to give a high output. As a result, the junction of diodes D1 and D2 goes high for a few seconds depending on the time period developed through resistor R4 and capacitor C4.At this point, the astable multivibrator is enabled to start oscillating. The output of the astable multivibrator is fed to the speaker through capacitor C6.

Car reversing horn diagram:

car-reverse-horn-circuit-diagram

Car Reversing Horn Circuit Diagram

The speaker, in turn, produces sound until the output of the monostable is high. When the junction of diodes D1 and D2 is low, the astable multivibrator is disabled to stop oscillating. The output of the astable multivibrator is fed to the speaker through capacitor C6. The speaker, in turn, does not produce sound. Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose in a suitable cabinet.Connect the circuit to the car reverse switch through two wires such that S1 shorts when the car gear is reversed and is open otherwise. To power the circuit, use the car battery.

Flasher diagram:

flasher-circuit-diagram

Flasher Circuit Diagram

The flasher circuit (shown in Fig. 2) is built around timer NE555, which is wired as an astable multi-vibrator that outputs square wave at its pin 3. A 10W auto bulb is used for flasher. The flashing rate of the bulb is decided by preset VR1.
Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose in a suitable cabinet. The flasher bulb can be mounted at the car’s rear side in a reflector or a narrow painted suitable enclosure. EFY note. A higher-wattage bulb may reduce the intensity of the head-light. You can enclose both the car-reversing horn and flasher circuits together or separately in a cabinet in your car.

Author: Ashok K. Doctor - Copyright: Electronics For You Magazine

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Sunday, September 29, 2013

Simple Universal PIC Programmer

This simple programmer will accept any device thats supported by software (eg, IC-Prog 1.05 by Bonny Gijzen at www.ic-prog.com). The circuit is based in part on the ISP header described in the SILICON CHIP "PIC Testbed" project but also features an external programming voltage supply for laptops and for other situations where the voltage present on the RS232 port is insufficient. This is done using 3-terminal regulators REG1 & REG2. The PIC to be programmed can be mounted on a protoboard. This makes complex socket wiring to support multiple devices unnecessary. 16F84A, 12C509, 16C765 and other devices have all been used successfully with this device.

Circuit diagram:

Simple universal-pic-programmer-circuit-diagramw

Simple Universal PIC Programmer Circuit Diagram

Author: Luke Weston - Copyright: Silicon Chip

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Saturday, September 28, 2013

USB Fuse

Life in the 21st century would be almost unbearable without some of the computer peripherals that PC users now look on as essentials - take for example the USB powered teacup warmer; this device is obviously an invaluable productivity tool for all users but it could prove a little tire some if the extra current it draws from the USB port is sufficient to produce a localised meltdown on the motherboard. In a slightly more serious vein a similar situation could result from a carelessly wired connector in the design lab during prototyping and development of a USB ported peripheral. What’s needed here is some form of current limiting or fuse to prevent damage to the motherboard.

usb-fuse-circuit1  

The MAX1562 shown in Figure 1 is a purpose-built USB current limiter from the chip manufacturers Maxim. The device operates with a supply voltage from 4.0 to 5.5 V with an operating current of typically 40 µA or 3 µA in standby mode. The circuit introduces a very low resistance in the power line (typically 26 m but guaranteed less than 50 m) from an internal MOSFET. The FET gate bias voltage is generated on-chip from a charge pump circuit.

usb-fuse-circuit-diagram2

The chip can distinguish between an overload and a short circuit condition in the supply line by measuring the voltage drop across its internal resistance; if the voltage is less than 1 V a short circuit is assumed and the chip pulses a (limited) output current every 20 ms in an effort to raise the output voltage. This approach will eventually be successful if the short circuit was caused by a large value capacitor across the USB supply pins or an external hard drive which have a high in-rush at start up. If the supply rail is not pulled up within the first 20 ms the FAULT output (pin 2) is driven low. The output current limit is set by a single resistor on pin 4 (ISET): LIM = 17120 / RSET.

usb-fuse-parts-pcb-layout3

The circuit diagram shows a fixed 5.6k resistor in series with a 10k preset giving an adjustable current limit between 1.097 and 3.057 A. This range should be sufficient for the majority of applications. Increasing the preset resistance reduces the current limit level. Any intermittent connection in the preset (caused by a dirty track etc.) will switch the chip into shut down. The MAX1562 also contains a thermal cut out which turns off the output when the chip temperature exceeds 160 degrees C.

Figure 2 shows a diagram of the manufacturer’s application circuit. The FAULT output drives an LED via a series limiting resistor which reduces the LED current to 2 to 3 mA. The MAX1562 is available in a HESA variant (with an active high ON signal) or ESA version (with an active low ON signal). The chip is packaged in an 8-pin SMD outline. Figure 3 shows a small PCB layout for the circuit using mostly SMD components.

COMPONENTS LIST

Resistors
R1 = 5k6 (SMD 1206)
R2 = 1k5 (SMD 1206)
P1 = 10k preset
Capacitors
C1 = 1µF (SMD 1206)
C2 = 4µF7 10 V, tantalum
C3 = 220nF (SMD 1206)
Semiconductors
D1 = LED, low current
IC1 = MAX1562ESA

Author: Andreas Köhler - Copyright: Elektor Electronics

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Friday, September 27, 2013

Picnic Lamp

You can take this white LED-based night lamp on your picnic outings. The lamp has sound trigger and push-to-on facilities and gives ample light during a walk at night. It will also prove useful in locating the door of your tent in the darkness. A click of the fingers will switch on the lamp for three minutes to help you in a strange place. The circuit uses low-power ICs to save the battery power. JFET op-amp TL071 (IC1) amplifies the sound picked up by the condenser microphone. Resistor R1 and low-value capacitor C1 (0.22µF) make the amplifier insensitive to very low-frequency sounds, eliminating the chance of false triggering. VR1 is used to adjust the sensitivity of the microphone and VR2 adjusts the gain of IC1. The amplified output from IC1 is coupled to trigger pin 2 of IC2, which is a monostable multivibrator built around low-power CMOS timer IC 7555.

Picnic Lamp Circuit DiagramResistor R4 keeps trigger input pin 2 of the monostable normally high in the absence of the trigger input. Timing elements R6 and C4 give a time delay of three minutes. Reset pin 4 of IC2 is connected to the positive rail through R5 and to the negative rail through C2 to provide power-on-reset function. The output of IC2 powers the white LED (LED1) through ballast resistor R7. The circuit can be easily assembled on a perforated board. Make the circuit assembly as compact as possible to enclose in a small case. Use three 1.5V pen-light cells to power the circuit. Adjust VR1 and VR2 suitably to get sufficient sensitivity of IC1. Toggle switch S1 can be used to switch on the lamp like a torch.
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Thursday, September 26, 2013

IR–S PDIF Receiver

This simple circuit proves to achieve surprisingly good results when used with the IR–S/PDIF transmitter described elsewhere in this site. The IR receiver consists of nothing more than a photodiode, a FET and three inverter gates used as amplifier. The FET is used as an input amplifier and filter, due to its low parasitic capacitance. This allows R1 to have a relatively high resistance, which increases the sensitivity of the receiver. The bandwidth is primarily determined by photo-diode D1, and with a value of 2k2 for R1, it is always greater than 20 MHz. The operating current of the FET is intentionally set rather high (around 10 mA) using R2, which also serves to ensure adequate bandwidth. The voltage across R2 is approximately 0.28–0.29 V.

The combination of L1 and R3 forms a high-pass filter that allows signals above 1 MHz to pass. L1 is a standard noise-suppression choke. From this filter, the signal is fed to two inverters configured as amplifiers. The third and final inverter (IC1c) generates a logic-level signal. This 74HCU04 provides so much gain that there is a large risk of oscillation, particularly when the final stage is loaded with a 75-Ω coaxial cable. In case of problems (which will depend heavily on the construction), it may be beneficial to add a separate, decoupled buffer stage for the output, which will also allow the proper output impedance (75 Ω) to be maintained in order to prevent any reflections.

When building the circuit, make sure that the currents from IC1 do not flow through the ground path for T1. If necessary, use two separate ground planes and local decoupling. Furthermore, the circuit must be regarded as a high-frequency design, so it’s a good idea to provide the best possible screening between the input and the output. With the component values shown in the schematic, the range is around 1.2 metres without anything extra, which is not especially large. However, the range can easily be extended by using a small positive lens (as is commonly done with standard IRDA modules). In our experiments, we used an inexpensive magnifying glass, and once we got the photodiode positioned at the focus after a bit of adjustment.

IR–S/PDIF Receiver Circuit DiagramWe were able to achieve a range of 9metres using the same transmitter (with a sampling frequency of 44.1 kHz). This does require the transmitter and receiver to be physically well aligned to each other. As you can see, a bit of experimenting certainly pays off here! It may also be possible to try other types of photo-diode. The HDSL-5420 indicated in the schematic has a dome lens, but there is a similar model with a flat-top case (HDSL-5400). It has an acceptance angle of 110°, and with the same level of illumination, it generates nearly four times as much current.

The current consumption of the circuit is 43 mA with no signal and approximately 26 mA with a signal (fs = 44.1 kHz) That is rather high for battery operation, but it can handled quite readily using a pair of rechargeable NiMH cells. Incidentally, the circuit will also work at 4.5 V and even 3 V. If a logic-level output is needed, C3 at the output can be replaced by a jumper. Finally, there is one other thing worth mentioning. With the HSDL-5400 that we had to play with, the cathode marking (a dark-blue line on the side below one lead) was on the wrong side (!). So if you want to be sure that the diode is fitted properly, it’s a good idea to measure the DC voltage across R1, which should be practically zero.
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Wednesday, September 25, 2013

Switchmode Constant Current Source

Operating a stepper motor using a fixed (constant) voltage supply results in poor torque at high speeds. In fact, stepper motors tend to stall at fairly low speeds under such conditions. Several approaches can be used to overcome this problem, one of which is to use a constant current supply in place of the more conventional constant voltage supply. A disadvantage of many constant current supplies is that simple circuits are inefficient but that doesnt apply to switchmode supplies such as the circuit shown here.

Basically, this circuit is a conventional switchmode regulator adapted for constant current output and is specially designed for stepper motor drivers - although it could be used for other applications as well. The circuit works as follows: IC1 (LM2575T) and its associated components (D1, L1, C1, etc) operate as a switchmode power supply. Normally, for constant voltage operation, the output is connected - either directly or via a resistive divider - back to the feedback input (pin 4) of IC1.

Switch mode constant current source circuit schematic

In this circuit, however, Q1 senses the current flowing through R1 and produces a corresponding voltage across R3. This voltage is then fed to pin 4 of IC1. As a result, the the circuit regulates the current into a load rather than the voltage across the load. Only one adjustment is needed: you have to adjust VR1 for optimum stepper motor performance over the desired speed range. The simplest way to do this is to measure the motor current at its rated voltage at zero stepping speed and then adjust VR1 for this current. The prototype worked well with a stepper motor rated at 80O per winding and a 12V nominal input voltage. Some components might have to be modified for motors having different characteristics.
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Tuesday, September 24, 2013

Mains Failure Alarm

This circuit was designed to produce an audible alarm when the mains power is interrupted. Such an alarm is essential for anyone whose livelihood depends on keeping perishable foodstuffs in cold storage. The circuit is powered by a 12-V mains adapter. LED D5 will light when the mains voltage is present. When the mains voltage disappears, so does the +12 V supply voltage, leaving the voltage regulator IC1 and relay driver T1-T2 without power. The relay driver, by the way, is an energy-saving type, reducing the coil current to about 50% after a few seconds. Its operation and circuit dimensioning are discussed in the article ‘Relay Coil Energy Saver’. The value of the capacitor at the output of voltage regulator IC1 clearly points to a different use than the usual noise suppression.

Mains Failure Alarm circuit schematic

When the mains power disappears, Re1 is de-energized and the 0.22 F Gold-cap used in position C4 provides supply current to IC2. When the mains voltage is present, C4 is charged up to about 5.5 volts with IC1 acting as a 100-mA current limit and D10 preventing current flowing back into the regulator output when the mains voltage is gone. According to the Goldcap manufacturer, current limiting is not necessary during charging but it is included here for the security’s sake. The CMOS 555 is configured in astable multivibrator mode here to save power, and so enable the audible alarm to sound as long as possible. Resistors R5 and R6 define a short ‘on’ time of just 10 ms. That is, however, sufficient to get a loud warning from the active buzzer. In case the pulses are too short, increase the value of R5 (at the expense of a higher average current drawn from the Goldcap).
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Monday, September 23, 2013

Automatic Heat Detector Circuit

This circuit uses a complementary pair comprising NPN metallic transistor T1 (BC109) and pnp germanium transistor T2 (AC188) to detect heat (due to outbreak of fire, etc) in the vicinity and energise a siren. The collector of transistor T1 is connected to the base of transistor T2, while the collector of transistor T2 is connected to relay RL1.

The second part of the circuit comprises popular IC UM3561 (a siren and machine-gun sound generator IC), which can produce the sound of a fire-brigade siren. Pin numbers 5 and 6 of the IC are connected to the +3V supply when the relay is in energised state, whereas pin 2 is grounded. A resistor (R2) connected across pins 7 and 8 is used to fix the frequency of the inbuilt oscillator.

Circuit Diagram

Automatic Heat Detector Circuit

Automatic Heat Detector Circuit Diagram

 Automatic Heat Detector

The output is available from pin 3. Two transistors BC147 (T3) and BEL187 (T4) are connected in Darlington configuration to amplify the sound from UM3561. Resistor R4 in series with a 3V zener is used to provide the 3V supply to UM3561 when the relay is in energised state. LED1, connected in series with 68-ohm resistor R1 across resistor R4, glows when the siren is on. To test the working of the circuit, bring a burning matchstick close to transistor T1 (BC109), which causes the resistance of its emitter-collector junction to go low due to a rise in temperature and it starts conducting. Simultaneously, transistor T2 also conducts because its base is connected to the collector of transistor T1. As a result, relay RL1 energizes and switches on the siren circuit to produce loud sound of a fire-brigade siren.

Note.

  • We have added a table to enable readers to obtain all possible sound effects by returning pins 1 and 2 as suggested in the table.

 Author:Sukant Kumar Behara Copyright:Circuit Ideas

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zBot 10 A Power Stage for DC Motor

If you look at the chassis of the zBot vehicle1, you’ll find two parts requiring intelligent control: the steering servo and the DC motor. The so called H-bridge is the normal circuit for electronic control of revolution speed and direction. The DC motor of a Tamiya car is powerful enough to propel zBot at up to 20 miles per hour.
The motor then consumes more than 10 A, so we choose high-current power MOSFETs for the driver stage. There are lots of different devices to choose from. The MOSFET we require has to supply the maximum motor current and, importantly, it has to be switched with gate voltages of about 5 V. In this case, the microcontroller switches the power stage (‘low side’) directly. For high side driving level shifters are necessary. The schematic of the H-bridge power stage shows a few inverters, NAND gates and two tri-stateable drivers. These logic functions are very important as the easier way, i.e.., directly controlling all four MOSFET has a fatal disadvantage.


In case of a software crash it could happen that two ore more MOSFETs are switched on incor-rectly for exam-ple, T4 and T7. In that case, the current through the transistors is limited by the internal resistors of the MOSFETs (about 10 mO) only. Such a fatal error would destroy the MOSFETs. The logic functions configured here effectively avoid illegal states.To control the DC motor, three signals are needed: DIR, PWM and STOP. DIR controls the direction of the motor revolution, PWM the speed, and STOP brakes the motor.

The software module for the DC motor is called dcm.c.(070172-I) The complete document called Zbot  the Robot Experimental Platform is available for free downloading from the Elektor Electronics website. The file number is 070172-11.zip (July/August 2007).

Author: Jens Altenburg Copyright: Elektor
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Sunday, September 22, 2013

Telephone In Use Indicator

This circuit will illuminate a LED if one of your telephones is in use. It should work in all countries (Including UK) that have a standing line voltage above 48 Volts DC. Please note that it is illegal to make a physical permanent connection to your telephone line in some countries (this includes the UK and Ireland). If building this circuit it is advisable to use a plugin cord so that the unit can be unplugged should a fault occur. If in doubt consult either your telephone or cable operator.

Telephone In-Use IndicatorIf all extension phones are on-hook and the line voltage is around 48 V, Q1 will conduct thus effectively shorting the gate of Q2 to its source, so it will be off and the LED will be disabled. Lifting the handset of any phone on the line causes the line voltage to drop to 5-15 V. The gate voltage of Q1, equal to some 6% of the line voltage, will then be too low and Q1 will be turned off. So Q2s gate is now biased at approximately 1/2 of the line voltage, Q2 turns on and the LED indicates that the line is in use. The circuit itself is practically invisible to the other telephone devices using the same line. LED1 must be low-current and its current-limiting resistor must be 2k2 or more.

The other components ideal values may vary slightly, depending on the local telephone line parameters. The circuit is powered off the telephone line. If other types of MOSFETs are used, the 500k trimmer can be adjusted to ensure that Q1 is biased fully on while the line is not in use (LED1 off), and vice versa. If Q2 is not a BS108 but some other 200 V MOSFET with a higher G-S threshold voltage, it might be necessary to increase the value of the lower (or decrease the value of the upper) one of the two resistors connected to the gate of Q2. Plain (bipolar junction) transistors can be used instead and the circuit also works fine.

But the resistor values are then much lower - letting ten times more microamps of current pass through while the line is not in use, and even this MOSFET design still could not meet formal minimum on-hook DC resistance specifications. Both prototypes PCBs were 4x1 cm. The current-limiting resistor for LED1 is 2k2 in both cases. DO NOT ground any of the leads or conducting surfaces in this circuit. A more reliable design would also include some kind of over-voltage protection etc.

Warning:

In their normal course of operation, telephone lines can deliver life-threatening voltages! Do not attempt to build any of the circuits/projects unless you have the expertise, skill and concentration that will help you avoid an injury. There are also legal aspects and consequences of connecting things to telephone lines, which vary from country to country. Keep away from telephone lines during a lightning storm!
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Saturday, September 21, 2013

1999 Chevrolet Chevy Tahoe Wiring Diagram

1999 Chevrolet Chevy Tahoe Wiring Diagram


The Part of 1999 Chevrolet Chevy Tahoe Wiring Diagram: power distribution cell, gauges, link
connector, diesel, fuse block,  steering ctrl, vehicle, engine ctrl, powertrain ctrl module, steering wheel position signal, case ctrl, passlock sensor, scurity lamp, instrument cluster, passlock module, black wire, cylinder, hall effect, magnet
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Friday, September 20, 2013

1978 Ford F 150 Lariat Wiring Diagram

1978 Ford F-150 Lariat Wiring Diagram


The Part of 1978 Ford F-150 Lariat Wiring Diagram: direct switch, marker light, battery, headlight, light
switch, high beam, indicator, horn relay, yellow wire, green wire, fusible link, starter relay, ignition coil, park light, distributor, ignition module, noise filter, cluth safety switch, alternator indicator, backup light, widshield wiper switch, washer motor, regulator
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Thursday, September 12, 2013

1 5V to 5V 12V DC DC Converter with LT1073

 1.5V to 5V/12V DC/DC Converter with LT1073 Circuit
1.5V to 5V/12V DC/DC Converter with LT1073
Small 1.5V to 5V or 12V DC/DC converter with LT1073 chip. The IC is available in three different versions, depending on output voltage. Two with fixed output voltage of 5V and 12V, and the most interesting that can be adjusted. The adjustment is done through a voltage divider with two resistors, of mass, output and Terminal 8, internally connected to the voltage comparator IC, which is responsible for stabilizing the output voltage. 
 
1.5V to 5V/12V DC/DC Converter with LT1073
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Wednesday, September 11, 2013

Build a Telephone Record Control Circuit Diagram

This simple Telephone Record Control Circuit Diagram will allow you to connect any tape recorder that has a mic and remote input to a phone line and automatically record both sides of a conversation when ever the phone is in use. You will need to take a couple of voltage readings before connecting the circuit. First determine the polarity of your phone line and connect it to the circuit as shown and then determine the polarity of the remote input and connect it to the circuit.

Circuit operation is as follows. When the phone is on hook the voltage across the phone line is about 48volts dc. When the phone is off hook the voltage will drop to below 10volts dc. When the line voltage is at 48volts the FET is off which causes Q2 and Q3 to be off. When the phone is picked up the FET turns on along with Q2 and Q3 which turns your recorder on. The tape recorder must be in the record mode at all times. As you can see the power source for the circuit is the phone line. 

Telephone Record Control Circuit Diagram

Telephone Record Control Circuit Diagram
 
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Tuesday, September 10, 2013

Simple EMF Probe

There’s something fascinating about electromagnetic fields. Thanks to the modern world and the prevalence of electronics and electricity, they’re all around us these days. But because of the extremely limited array of senses that we humans have, we spend most of the time completely oblivious of them. Wouldn’t it be cool to make something simple that could not just detect them, but would allow you look at the waveforms on an oscilloscope. An EMF probe in other words.


A Very Simple EMF Probe
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Thursday, September 5, 2013

LED 12 Volt Lead Acid Battery Meter Circuit

In the circuit below, a quad voltage comparator (LM339) is used as a simple bar graph meter to indicate the charge condition of a 12 volt, lead acid battery. A 5 volt reference voltage is connected to each of the (+) inputs of the four comparators and the (-) inputs are connected to successive points along a voltage divider. The LEDs will illuminate when the voltage at the negative (-) input exceeds the reference voltage. Calibration can be done by adjusting the 2K potentiometer so that all four LEDs illuminate when the battery voltage is 12.7 volts, indicating full charge with no load on the battery. At 11.7 volts, the LEDs should be off indicating a dead battery. Each LED represents an approximate 25% change in charge condition or 300 millivolts, so that 3 LEDs indicate 75%, 2 LEDs indicate 50%, etc. The actual voltages will depend on temperature conditions and battery type, wet cell, gel cell etc.
Circuit Diagram

Source http://www.bowdenshobbycircuits.info/
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Wednesday, September 4, 2013

Octopus Curve Tracer

This project involves the construction of a low-cost curve tracer that is suitable for testing a wide variety of electronic components both in-circuit and out of circuit. It is easy to construct and extremely useful for finding defective parts, especially semiconductors, in electronic devices.

The octopus is used in conjuction with an oscilloscope set to display in X-Y mode. It displays voltage across the test probes on one axis and current through the probes on the other axis. A scope with both Horizontal and Vertical inputs (X-Y mode) is required.

This is my version of a circuit that has been around since at least the 1960s, I added the ability to select voltage taps on the filament transformer and adjust the amount of current through the probes.

Octopus Curve Tracer Circuit Diagram


Theory:

Power is applied to the step-down transformer through a 1 amp fuse and a power switch. The transformer has output taps at 4V, 8V, 12V and 16V. If you cant find an equivalent transformer, a more common 6V/12V transformer will work. The voltage select switch allows one of four voltages to be selected. The current limit variable resistor selects the maximum current through the test probes.

When the probes are open, the scope will display a vertical line, when the scope probes are shorted, the scope will display a horizontal line. The octopus places a constantly changing sine wave voltage across the probed device. The horizontal axis shows the current through the probes and the vertical axis shows the voltage across the probes. As the sine wave changes, the scope trace loops around in accordance with the associated current and voltage readings from the probe. Probing different electronic components will produce a variety of unique scope patterns.

Construction:

The octopus was built into a deep 4"x4" electrical utility box, as shown in the photo. A tall lid was used for the top to make enough room for the transformer. The box knock-outs on the front were removed and the switches and potentiometer were mounted on an aluminum plate that was screwed into the side of the utility box.

The test jack holes were drilled directly into the box and the power and oscilloscope cables were secured to the box with common Romex cable clamps. The oscilloscope cables were made with flexible RG-58 coax pieces and terminated with BNC connectors for direct connection to the scope.

Use:

Connect the Horizontal and Vertical connectors to the oscilloscope inputs, power up the octopus and adjust the scopes vertical and horizontal amplifiers for full screen-width lines when the probes are open and shorted.

Place various components across the scope and adjust the voltage taps and current limiter for the best display. The 12V setting is a good default value.

Here are some typical curves that the octopus will display:
  • Open Circuit - vertical line
  • Short Circuit - horizontal line
  • Resistor - diagonal line, slope varies with the value
  • Capacitors and Inductors - ellipses, shape varies with value
  • Diodes - L shaped curve
  • Zener Diodes - squared Z shaped curve
  • Transistor EC - tall L shaped curve
  • Transistor EB - squared Z shaped curve
  • Transistor BC - L shaped curve (same as diode)
  • Varistor - S shaped curve
The octopus is especially good at finding defective semiconductor devices. Power transistors often short out when they fail. The octopus can quickly find shorted parts, even in circuit. Leaky transistors and diodes will have curves with rounded corners instead of right angles. Keep in mind that antique germanium transistors tend to show as leaky, even when they are perfectly good devices.

By placing the probes on a transistors emitter and collector leads, then touching the base lead with your finger, you can observe the devices gain by seeing how much the curve changes.

In-circuit testing with the octopus is a bit of an acquired skill, a wide variety of curves can be found and faulty components can be identified. If suspicious components are found, they can be removed from the circuit and tested further.

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Tuesday, September 3, 2013

12V Touch Switch Exciter

This circuit is designed to generate a 20KHz pseudo sine wave signal that can power about 50 remote touch activated switch circuits.  It can support a cable length of about 2500 feet.  A typical remote switch circuit is also shown as well as a receiver circuit for those switches.

12V Touch Switch Exciter Circuit diagram:


 Source: discovercircuits
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Monday, September 2, 2013

Simple AM Transmitter Circuit

Circuit Diagram: 
Description
There are not many AM transmitters that are easier to build than this one because the inductor is not tapped and has a single winding. There is no need to wind the inductor as it is a readily available RF choke (eg, Jaycar Cat LF-1536). To make the circuit as small as possible, the conventional tuning capacitor has been dispensed with and fixed 220pF capacitors used instead. To tune it to a particular frequency, reduce one or both of the 220pF capacitors to raise the frequency or add capacitance in parallel to lower the frequency. Q1 is biased with a 1MO resistor to give a high input impedance and this allows the use of a crystal ear piece as a low cost microphone. 
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